![]() ![]() Though it is impossible to make causal claims, future-oriented coping tends to be associated with positive outcomes such as goal achievement and lower levels of distress. As well, proactive coping involves gaining skills and abilities to assess the changing environment more accurately, from signs of a possible stressor, to appropriate strategies and resource use, to feedback on a given situation. Proactive coping includes building and strengthening all resources (e.g., from practical and academic knowledge, experiences, and sufficient numbers and varied kinds of social contacts see also direct effects hypothesis of social support). These future- and action-oriented behaviors can prepare a person not only for specific stressors, but also for those that are likely to arise in the normal course of life. Individuals also engage in proactive coping. From Folkman and Lazarus' Ways of Coping Questionnaire and Charles Carver and colleagues' Coping Orientation of Problem Experience (COPE), some common strategies or categories for coping responses are accepting the situation or one's role in it, active/confrontive coping to remove the stressor or oneself from the stressor, anticipatory coping aimed toward an expected but uncontrollable event, avoiding/escaping the stressor or associated feelings of distress, denying the problem or feelings, disengaging mentally or behaviorally (giving up), distancing/detaching from the situation or minimizing its significance, planning the steps to solve the problem, reinterpreting the stressor as a positive or growth-oriented experience, seeking social support (discussed later), controlling one's emotions or waiting for an appropriate time to act, using substances to dull feelings, suppressing competing activities until the problem subsides, turning to religion, using humor, and venting emotions. Silver, in Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), 2012 Coping StrategiesĬoping strategies are as numerous and varied as the stressors that precede them.
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